Rubber hydraulic hose is a common and important element in countless industrial and mobile machines. It serves as the plumbing that routes hydraulic fluid between tanks, pumps, valves, cylinders and other fluid-power components. Plus, hose is generally straightforward to route and install, and it absorbs vibration and dampens noise. Hose assemblies—hose with couplings attached to the ends—are relatively simple to make. And if specified properly and not overly abused, hose can work trouble-free for hundreds of thousands of pressure cycles.
Hydraulic hoses consist of an inner tube, one or more layers of reinforcement, and an outer cover. Each constituent should be selected with the intended application in mind. Typical operating and performance parameters include the size, temperature, fluid type, pressure-holding capacity and environment, to name a few.
The inner tube contains the fluid and keeps it from leaking to the outside. The type of hydraulic fluid generally dictates the tube material. Usually it is nitrile or synthetic rubber for petroleum-based hydraulic oil. But alternatives like Viton or Teflon are used with synthetic fluids like phosphate ester.
The cover protects the reinforcement layer. One consideration when determining the cover material is resistance to attack from outside influences like chemicals, salt water, steam, UV radiation and ozone. Common cover materials include nitrile, neoprene and PVC, among others.
When a hose rubs against adjacent structures or other hoses, friction and abrasion can be concerns. That’s because if the cover wears away and exposes the reinforcement to mechanical and chemical attack, the hose will often quickly fail. A number of manufacturers offer tough, abrasion-resistant covers to help prevent harm.
Temperature extremes can also affect material selection for both tube and cover (and, to a lesser extent, the reinforcement). Standard hose is typically rated for operation between –40° to 212° F (–40° to 100° C). Extreme cold makes rubber and elastomers brittle and prone to cracking; extreme heat can soften and weaken the materials. Manufacturers offer alternative materials like low-temperature synthetic rubbers or PKR for extreme cold and chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) for higher temperatures.
Rubber hydraulic hose is often referred to by the type of reinforcement: “braided” or “spiral.” In either case, reinforcement layers are tightly wrapped upon the tube with special winding machines. Applying the cover over the reinforcement completes the hose.
Braided hoses are constructed, as the name implies, by cross-braiding alternating rows of textile or synthetic fibers or steel wires at specific opposing angles around the tube. Most low-pressure rubber hoses have a textile-braided construction and either rubber or woven-textile covers. They’re generally for pressures to about 1,000 psi and typically handle hydraulic fluids, diesel fuel, lubricating oil and ethylene glycol. They’re also commonly used for water or compressed air.
Braided steel-wire hose comes with one or two reinforcement layers. When two layers are used, a rubber layer separates the two. Common types, such as widely used SAE 100R1 and 100R2 versions, are often referred to as “1-wire” and “2-wire” hose, respectively. These products are considered medium-pressure hoses, for use from about 1,000 to 5,000 psi—depending on the number of reinforcement layers and the size. They are used on many types of industrial machinery and construction equipment, as well as on heavy-duty trucks and fleet vehicles.
Spiral-wound hydraulic hose is for demanding, high-pressure applications, generally from about 4,000 to 8,000 psi. They have alternating, tightly wound spiral layers of high-tensile steel wire. The wires in the second layer are laid at an opposing angle to the first, and the pattern repeats for each subsequent layer.
Two types are 4-wire and 6-wire versions, based on the number of reinforcing layers. Four-layer spiral wound hydraulic hose is extremely strong and is common in high-pressure, large-diameter hose assemblies. Six-wire hose is used for even more-extreme requirements. Inner-diameter sizes tend to run from about 0.38-in. to 2.0 to 3.0-in. ID, depending on the manufacturer and specific type.
The demand for ever-larger, off-road equipment was the impetus behind the development of spiral hydraulic hose. Today, it is well-suited for applications that see extremely high impulse pressures. As just one example, hydrostatic drives on large dozers and earth movers often rely on four and six-wire spiral hydraulic hoses.
The downside to spiral hose, beside the cost, is it lacks flexibility (although some newer constructions have improved in this regard.) Because of rigid, multi-layer construction, the hose is quite stiff. As a result, large 6-wire spiral hose is sometimes euphemistically referred to as “flexible pipe.”
The post What is rubber hydraulic hose? appeared first on Hose Assembly Tips.
Filed Under: Hose Assembly Tips, Slider